Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Neonatal: An Updated Review

Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, although rare, presents a substantial risk to new-borns with potentially catastrophic outcomes. Timely detection and immediate administration of antiviral treatment are essential for minimising illness and death rates. Nevertheless, there are numerous obstacles to overcome in order to achieve prompt intervention. Infants who have recently acquired HSV commonly have vague symptoms such as lack of energy, inadequate eating, or elevated body temperature, which complicates the initial diagnosis. Not all instances will exhibit the traditional triad of skin vesicles, ocular involvement, and mouth lesions, which can make early detection more challenging. Although laboratory procedures such as virus cultures and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) are accessible, they may need a significant amount of time to get findings. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, a common diagnostic tool for central nervous system (CNS) involvement, may not always reveal substantial abnormalities in the early stages of the illness. It is insufficient to rely solely on the maternal history of herpes infection. Mothers who do not have a previous record of herpes can nevertheless pass on the virus to their new-borns, especially if they have a primary infection close to the time of giving birth. These diagnostic obstacles can cause a delay in the start of antiviral treatment, which is most efficient when given promptly. Delays can result in serious complications, such as widespread disease, central nervous system involvement, and potentially fatal outcomes. Researchers are currently conducting ongoing research to develop diagnostic tests that are faster and more dependable. Furthermore, increased awareness among healthcare practitioners about the vague symptoms of HSV infection can increase clinical suspicion and accelerate investigations. Although there have been notable improvements, the prompt identification and management of new-born HSV infection continue to be difficult. For these susceptible infants, continued efforts to create quick diagnostic tools and increased clinical awareness are essential for improving results.